I would be lying if I said that the way I feel about my job now is the same as the way I felt about it when I first started as a full fledged family medicine doctor. Over the years of practicing medicine, the bureaucracy and hyper-focus on performance metrics have started to whittle down the passion I have for my craft. The longer I have been in practice, the more I reminisce about the bygone days of medical school when I was able to immerse myself in the wonders of the human body, getting down in the nitty gritty details of the why’s and the how’s. After some time of soul searching, it was becoming clear to me that my current career trajectory is unsustainable unless I find a way to recharge it with the passion that I once had for medicine. While the wonderful relationships I have with my patients have enabled me to stay afloat, I also need to nurture that seed of curiosity again as a way to combat the growing administrative nature of my job. And what better way to do this than to teach people about the human body! I need to get back to asking the why’s and the how’s again, but this time instead of regurgitating what I know on a piece of exam paper, I will be sharing this knowledge with you through a multimedia platform. ​ So yes, in some ways, Medicine Declassified is a personal quest of getting back to the joy of medicine, but I hope that along the way I can excite and persuade people to jump on the bandwagon with me on this journey to explore and understand the human body through the lens of a science nerd. ​ Onwards!

The skin is the heaviest organ of the human body accounting for 16% of total body weight. It is relatively impermeable to water which prevents excessive water loss. It is also an important receptor organ in continuous communication with the environment in order to protect us from injuries. To understand why different skin diseases occur, you first have to know the intricate structures of the skin and their roles in contributing to its functions. The skin is composed of two sections of cells: the epidermis and the dermis. The dermis has these finger-like projections called papillae that interdigitate with the grooves of the epidermis. The epidermis is composed of a type of cell that produces keratin, a fibrous structural protein. These cells organized themselves into five different layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratus granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum. Starting from the layer closest to the dermis, stratum basale consists of a single layer of cells that line alone the basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction. These cells are bound together via adhesive proteins called desmosomes. They are rapidly dividing cells that are largely responsible for the constant renewal of epidermal cells which takes about 15 to 30 days to complete depending on age and the region of the body. All the cells in stratum basale contains intermediate keratin filaments that increase in number as the cells progress upward towards the outer surface of the skin. Above stratum basale is stratum spinosum, which consists of slightly flattened cells with even more bundles of keratin filaments with the tips extending to the desmosomes that glue the cells together, thereby giving the cells that spine-studded appearance. These keratin bundles reinforces the cohesion among cells and resists the effects of abrasion, without which the skin would easily break down with minor forces. On top of stratum spinosum is stratum granulosum, named because the cells are filled with granules such as keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules. Lamellar granules are important in that they extrude substances out of the cells to form sheets of lipids that give rise to the water repellent nature of skin and function as a barrier to heat, light, chemicals and bacteria. The next layer of cells on top of stratum granulosum is stratum lucidum which is composed of extremely flattened cells with densely packed keratin filaments, and as they migrate to the top, they become part of stratum corneum, the outermost part of the skin where the cells are continuously shed. This is the toughest layer of cells meant to protect the inner layers. The spaces between the cells are filled with lipids to further fortify the skin against moisture loss and infection. Besides these keratin producing cells, which are the building blocks of the epidermis, interspersed among them you can also find cells like melanocytes, Langerhan cells, and Merkel’s cells. Melanocytes are cells that produce melanin, a pigment not only contributes to the color of the skin but also protects the skin against UV rays from the sun. Langerhan cells are star-shaped cells that have an important role in immunological activity in the skin as they bind, process, and present foreign proteins to T lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cells that participate in the immune response of the body. Merkel’s cells work like sensory receptors and allow the skin to sense light touch. Below the epidermis lies the dermis, the connective tissue that supports the epidermis. It is much thicker than the epidermis and is composed of two layers: a papillary layer and reticular layer. The papillary layer is where you will find capillaries, lymphatic channels and sensory neurons all couched within loose connective tissue. Its function is to supply nutrients to the epidermis above. The reticular layer is comprised of thicker dense connective tissue along with elastic and collagen fiber. They give rise to the skin’s strength and flexibility. In summary, there are two major layers of the skin: the epidermis and dermis. Each layer is also divided in the subsections, each with a role to play in determining the physical properties and functions of the skin. Many skin diseases arise from breakdown of these structures, and treatments are therefore targeting towards restoring their natural integrity. Deep Dive Into Skin For those of you who want to learn about the finer details of skin on a microscopic level, this article is for you. Judy Hsu, DO January 25, 2021 at 7:08:33 PM

One of the questions that often come up during my clinical practice is how one can get tested for genital herpes. This is a great question as there are several ways to do this, and which method you pick depends on the scenario that the person is in. If you are currently experiencing symptoms of genital herpes and have a rash, the most appropriate test to perform is either a viral culture or viral DNA test. Both tests involve breaking one of the herpes lesions open to swab and take a sample of the fluid inside of it. Both can tell which type of herpes virus the person has, whether it is type 1 or type 2. The viral DNA test is usually seen as more superior to viral culture as it is more accurate and sensitive. The problem with the culture is that its accuracy depends on the how many copies of the virus are on the surface that is being swabbed, so if the lesion is small or is on its way to healing, there may not be enough virus to show up on the culture. The accuracy of the culture is even worse when it’s a recurrent infection; only about 30 percent of recurrent outbreaks show up positive. This is why the DNA test is the preferred method of testing for acute active herpes infection. In the clinical setting, the DNA test is often referred to as the PCR test. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction, and it is one of the methods of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). If you currently have no symptoms and rash, the way to test for herpes would be to do a blood test since there is no herpes lesion to be swabbed. The blood test does not detect the presence of herpes virus in the body; rather, it is testing for the presence of antibodies to the virus. When a person contracts the virus, the body mounts an immune response to try to get rid of it, and in any kind of immune response to an infection, two types of antibodies are produced: IgM and IgG. IgM is the first type of antibody produced right after an infection, but it peaks quickly and goes away quickly. IgG, on the other hand, gets produced a little later but can stick around for years. Even though sometimes the different levels of these antibodies can help us determine timing of the infection, unfortunately in the case of herpes it is not so straightforward. IgM can reappear during a recurrent outbreak or sometimes even not show up at all even during the initial infection. For thes reasons, IgM and IgG cannot be used to determine timing of the infection in the case of genital herpes. Blood test for IgM antibodies have two additional major flaws. One is that it cannot reliably distinguish between herpes type 1 and type 2, and because genital herpes is generally caused by type 2 while oral herpes by type 1, if you have a history of cold sores and develped genital rash that happens to be non-herpetic, you might be misled into thinking that you have genital herpes when the IgM test comes back positive. The other down side of IgM test is that it can cross react with others viruses in the same family like chickenpox, so the false positive rate is high. Blood test for IgG antibodies is in comparison clinically more useful. Unlike IgM, IgG antibodies can be reliably identified as either type 1 or type 2. The only downside is that it does take a while for the body to generate IgG antibodies, sometimes weeks to months, so for this reason, it is generally recommended that this blood test be done 12 weeks after potential exposure. In summary, if you have active skin lesions suspicious for herpes, the best way to get tested is through a direct swab of the lesion for PCR testing in order to identify the presence of viral DNA. If you have no herpes symptoms but may have been exposed recently, the best test to do is a blood test that detects the presence of IgG antibodies developed against herpes virus. When in doubt, talk to your doctor as he or she will work with you to choose the most appropriate test for the situation. Testing For Genital Herpes A guide to help you figure out what is the best way to get tested for genital herpes. Judy Hsu DO March 10, 2021 at 4:57:07 AM

It is quite normal for your blood pressure to fluctuate throughout the day as it is influenced by things like hydration status, physical activity level, and stress level. Here are some of the tips I have shared with my own patients on how to measure their blood pressure at home: 1. Invest in an arm cuff instead of a wrist cuff If you haven’t made the purchase already, I encourage you to buy a home blood pressure machine that has an arm cuff rather than a wrist cuff. Even though it is easier to use, a wrist cuff tends to give you higher readings. Choosing the right size cuff also matters. If you are not sure what is the right size, measure your upper arm using a tape measure. Measure halfway between the elbow and shoulder, making sure the tape measure is level all the way around. It should be snug, not tight. Read the measurement on the tape measure in inches. A circumference of 7 to 9 inches is equivalent to a small adult sized cuff. 9 to 13 inches is equivalent to regular/standard sized cuff. 13 to 17 inches is equivalent to large adult sized cuff. 2. Make sure that you are physically ready to take the blood pressure Don’t exercise for at least 30 minutes before you plan to check your blood pressure. The same thing goes for caffeine and tobacco. Sit quietly for 5 minutes before starting. When you are seated, do not cross your legs. Your arm should be resting on a surface at the level your heart (mid chest). Remember to use the same arm for very blood pressure check. Also, make sure that your bladder is empty as a full bladder can elevate your blood pressure reading by as much as 8 points. 3. Remember to take the average Check your blood pressure three times in the morning and three times in the evening. The morning set should consist of three readings that are done 1 minute apart. Same thing with the evening set. Take the lowest reading of the morning set and the lowest reading of the evening set. Take the average of the two and you have your blood pressure reading of the day. Repeat this process for at least 3 days in a row during a given week. It is important to get an accurate record of your blood pressure readings outside of the clinical setting so that you and your doctor can make an informed decision on treatment based on data that you know you can trust. The Art of Measuring Blood Pressure At Home There are some things you should pay attention to when measuring your own blood pressure at home to ensure the accuracy of the readings. Judy Hsu, DO December 10, 2020 at 10:16:26 PM

Watch On YouTube What To Know About Urinary Tract Infection Urinary issues are a common health concern that can affect both men and women. Some common conditions include urinary tract infections and urinary retention. Symptoms can include difficulty urinating, urgency, and stinging or burning sensations. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and severity, and it's important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist. Acne Formation and Treatment Acne is a common and relatable skin condition. With so much information out there about how to treat acne, it is hard to know what is the best approach for you skin. In order to know what products and medications to use, you first have to know how acne is formed and apply that knowledge to your current skin condition in order to find treatment that is the best fit for you. What Do Thyroid Hormones Do Thyroid test is one of the most commonly ordered blood work in the clinical practice. This is because thyroid hormones affect virtually all organ functions in the body, and when the thyroid level is off, it can pretty much look like anything. Let's take a closer look at exactly what thyroid hormones do and how they work behind the scene to support normal body functions. What Is Inflammation? The Internet is full of health articles about inflammation, and it is a word that gets tossed around a lot in conversation about disease processes. But do you know what inflammation is and how it happens? Join me on a quick tour of this fascinating physical phenomenon. Testing For Genital Herpes One of the questions that often come up during my clinical practice is how one can get tested for genital herpes. This is a great question as there are several ways to do this, and which method you pick depends on the scenario that the person is in.

Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones No matter your goals, Atomic Habits offers a proven framework for improving--every day. James Clear, one of the world's leading experts on habit formation, reveals practical strategies that will teach you exactly how to form good habits, break bad ones, and master the tiny behaviors that lead to remarkable results. If you're having trouble changing your habits, the problem isn't you. The problem is your system. Bad habits repeat themselves again and again not because you don't want to change, but because you have the wrong system for change. You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems. Here, you'll get a proven system that can take you to new heights. Better than well: American medicine meets the American dream ​ Americans have always been the world's most anxiously enthusiastic consumers of "enhancement technologies." Prozac, Viagra, and Botox injections are only the latest manifestations of a familiar pattern: enthusiastic adoption, public hand-wringing, an occasional congressional hearing, and calls for self-reliance. In a brilliant diagnosis of our reactions to self-improvement technologies, Carl Elliott asks questions that illuminate deep currents in the American character: Why do we feel uneasy about these drugs, procedures, and therapies even while we embrace them? Where do we draw the line between self and society? Why do we seek self-realization in ways so heavily influenced by cultural conformity? In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind Paperback – Illustrated, ​ Memory binds our mental life together. We are who we are in large part because of what we learn and remember. But how does the brain create memories? Nobel Prize winner Eric R. Kandel intertwines the intellectual history of the powerful new science of the mind―a combination of cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and molecular biology―with his own personal quest to understand memory. A deft mixture of memoir and history, modern biology and behavior, In Search of Memory brings readers from Kandel's childhood in Nazi-occupied Vienna to the forefront of one of the great scientific endeavors of the twentieth century: the search for the biological basis of memory. What I Have Been Reading

It is quite normal for your blood pressure to fluctuate throughout the day as it is influenced by things like hydration status, physical activity level, and stress level. Here are some of the tips I have shared with my own patients on how to measure their blood pressure at home: 1. Invest in an arm cuff instead of a wrist cuff If you haven’t made the purchase already, I encourage you to buy a home blood pressure machine that has an arm cuff rather than a wrist cuff. Even though it is easier to use, a wrist cuff tends to give you higher readings. Choosing the right size cuff also matters. If you are not sure what is the right size, measure your upper arm using a tape measure. Measure halfway between the elbow and shoulder, making sure the tape measure is level all the way around. It should be snug, not tight. Read the measurement on the tape measure in inches. A circumference of 7 to 9 inches is equivalent to a small adult sized cuff. 9 to 13 inches is equivalent to regular/standard sized cuff. 13 to 17 inches is equivalent to large adult sized cuff. 2. Make sure that you are physically ready to take the blood pressure Don’t exercise for at least 30 minutes before you plan to check your blood pressure. The same thing goes for caffeine and tobacco. Sit quietly for 5 minutes before starting. When you are seated, do not cross your legs. Your arm should be resting on a surface at the level your heart (mid chest). Remember to use the same arm for very blood pressure check. Also, make sure that your bladder is empty as a full bladder can elevate your blood pressure reading by as much as 8 points. 3. Remember to take the average Check your blood pressure three times in the morning and three times in the evening. The morning set should consist of three readings that are done 1 minute apart. Same thing with the evening set. Take the lowest reading of the morning set and the lowest reading of the evening set. Take the average of the two and you have your blood pressure reading of the day. Repeat this process for at least 3 days in a row during a given week. It is important to get an accurate record of your blood pressure readings outside of the clinical setting so that you and your doctor can make an informed decision on treatment based on data that you know you can trust. The Art of Measuring Blood Pressure At Home There are some things you should pay attention to when measuring your own blood pressure at home to ensure the accuracy of the readings. Judy Hsu, DO December 10, 2020 at 10:16:26 PM

Acne is one of the health concerns that really distresses people because of how visible it is. It is also challenging to treat because there is no one-size-fits-all solution as everyone’s skin is so different. Even for an individual, his or her skin can behave differently in different parts of the body. It is often a frustrating experience trying to treat acne on your own with over the counter products; sometimes people have success with them, but other times these products not only do not help but also make things worse because of the added fragrance and chemicals that irritate the skin. I often recommend people talk to their doctors about their skin concerns to get a different perspective on how to take better care of their skin. Prescription grade medications are also often times much more effective because of the active ingredients and formulations. Your doctor will also review your lifestyle with you to give you some tips on how to promote healthy skin. Acne can be a confusing term as people usually think of acne as red pimples on the face. In fact, acne also include what we often refer to as blackheads and whiteheads. In the simplest terms, acne is a skin condition that comes about when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. What this means is that acne can occur anywhere on your body that contains hair follicles but most of the time only in areas that are more active in oil production (i.e. face, back, chest). At this stage when these hair follicles are just plugged, what you see on the skin are little whitish bumps or black dots. Once these blocked hair follicles become inflamed, then the tissue surrounding them swells and becomes red, and what you see are red bumps on the skin. The yellow pus that sometimes can be found sitting on top of these red bumps are simply an aftermath of that inflammatory response. If the inflammation starts to spread and gets deep into your skin, then a small pimple can become a giant nodules and cyst; we call it nodules when it’s just swelling and cysts when it is filled with pus. Nodules and cysts are severe forms of acne that are best treated by medical professionals as they can lead to serious scarring if not treated properly. Treating acne requires a highly individualized approach, but the basic principles are to speed up skin cell turnover and reduce inflammation. These goals can be achieved through therapeutics and lifestyle changes. In terms of therapeutics, you have things that you can apply on your skin and pills that you can take. The topical therapeutics can come in forms of face wash and leave-on treatment, and the oral therapeutics include antibiotics, vitamin A derivative, or hormone therapy. Some of the common active ingredients found in topical treatments include benzoyl peroxide, adapalene, tretinoin, sulfur, or clindamycin. Some of the common oral antibiotics prescribed include doxycycline or cephalexin. Hormone therapy can be useful in women if there is an imbalance between male and female hormones, and besides birth control pills, spironolactone is a blood pressure medication that is often used for its effect on reducing male hormone activity. The vitamin A derivative isotretinoin, aka Accutane, is usually reserved for severe forms of acne because of its side effects, and it works by shrinking the oil glands in the skin and inhibiting growth of bacteria that causes inflammation. In terms of lifestyle, stress management is important to reduce overall inflammation in the body; this include getting enough sleep, nutrition and exercise. It's also important to pay attention to mindless habits like touching your face with your hand. ​ Acne, The Lowdown Acne is a common skin condition that has plagued many of us at some point in our lives. To treat acne properly, we first must understand what happens to the skin at the cellular level when it's affected by acne. Therapies are targeted towards the underlying mechanisms. Judy Hsu, DO December 10, 2020 at 10:08:21 PM

So you found a fleshy bump on your finger. A quick search on the internet tells you that this is likely a wart. What is a wart and how do you get rid of it? First of all, whenever you find a skin lesion that does not resolve with time, you should always go see your doctor to get it evaluated. Ok, now that we got that out of the way. Let’s talk about warts in more detail. The official medical term for the common warts is “verruca vulgaris”. They are benign tumors of the skin caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and can be found on any skin surface. The viruses infect only the cells in the top layer of the skin, so despite how deep the warts can feel, they do not penetrate into the fat or muscles. It is worth noting that HPVs can also cause malignant tumors to form; it all depends on the types of HPV that are involved (more than 100 types exist). Warts can appear at any age and they are easily transmitted by touch; this is why it is not uncommon to see new warts forming on adjacent fingers or toes. They are typically raised and can have finger-like projections, and on close up you can see a mosaic pattern and black dots which are helpful for diagnosis. (Fun fact: the black dots are little clotted blood vessels as a result of the infection). Warts can resolve spontaneously on their own, but how long it takes will depend on the individual. Sometimes they disappear within weeks to months, and other times they can last for years or a lifetime. In general, warts tend to develop more easily in people with weakened immune systems, so this is why it is common to find new growths during periods of stress or acute illnesses. Warts can be stubborn to get rid of. Cure often requires several treatment sessions. Goal is to get rid of infected cells in the top skin layer, and this can be achieved via cutting with a surgical blade or chemical destruction (i.e. salicylic acid). Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is considered first-line therapy. This is a quick and relatively painless way to treat the warts, and it may be repeated every 2-4 weeks until they resolve. On the feet, warts can often be confused with corns. This is because they both frequently occur at points of maximum pressure such as the balls of the feet. One good way to differentiate between the two is to apply lateral pressure to the lesion; this maneuver would be painful for warts but painless for corns. Either way, it would be beneficial to get them treated if they tend to distort the way people walk in order to avoid pain from pressure on them, and overtime this would cause abnormal posture and pain in other parts of the leg or back. What's The Deal With Skin Warts? A quick guide to the cauliflower looking growth on your skin. Judy Hsu, DO May 7, 2022 at 11:34:27 PM

Fungal acne is not really acne at all. The official medical term is pityrosporum folliculitis. While the appearance of the skin can be nearly identical, fungal acne has little in common with regular acne (a.k.a. acne vulgaris). It is cause by overgrowth of fungus, so that’s why it is commonly found on the torso and upper arms where it’s typically covered by clothes which can trap moisture, and fungus love moisture. The overgrowth of fungus irritates hair follicles, causing them to become red and swollen, thereby mimicking the appearance of acne. We all have fungus living on our skin, and typically this does not pose a problem. Our body has adapted to co-existing with the fungus and bacteria found on the surface of our skin. However, when that delicate balance is disturbed, overgrowth of fungus can happen and cause problems. Here are some of the things that can tip things in the wrong direction: 1. Wearing non breathable clothes. Synthetic fabric that traps sweat and moisture encourages fungal growth. Also clothes that are tight discourage ventilation. 2. Suppressed immune system. When the immune system is weakened, your body is unable to maintain the balance of fungus and bacteria that are living on the surface of your skin, thereby increasing risk of overgrowth. 3. Antibiotic use. While antibiotic is great for getting rid of a bacterial infection, it can also invite fungus to grow by taking the place of the bacteria that have been killed off by the antibiotic. 4. Dietary changes. Fungus love sugar, so a diet high on simple sugar and carbohydrates can encourage them to flourish. Because fungal acne can look very similar to regular acne, it can be hard to diagnose on first look. However, there are some subtle clues that may help you identify it correctly. For example, fungal acne tends to be itchy whereas regular acne is not. Fungal acne also tends to erupt in clusters, and the bumps tend to around the same size. The best way to know for sure is to get your skin tested. This can be done either via skin scraping or biopsy at you doctor’s office. Treatment of fungal acne include reversing the factors that make them flourish in the first place as outlined above. Anti-dandruff shampoo containing selenium sulfide can also be helpful although this is usually used as a preventative measure against reoccurrence. Although it’s a shampoo, you can apply and leave it on the affected skin for 5 minutes before rinsing it off. This can be done one or several times a week to control fungal overgrowth. What is considered more effective is oral anti-fungal medication like fluconazole which can be prescribed by your doctor. This approach can ensure that the medication is delivered deep inside the pores to control the fungal growth at that level. In summary, fungal acne can look like regular acne but tend to occur on areas of the skin where there is a lot of oil and sweat production. It is caused by fungal overgrowth. Effective treatments include reducing factors that contribute to overgrowth of fungus and anti-fungal medications. If you have been struggling with acne that doesn’t respond to typical treatments, it may be a good idea to talk to your doctor about fungal acne as a possible diagnosis. What is Fungal Acne? If you have acne that has not responded well to traditional acne treatments, it may be because you have fungal acne. Judy Hsu, DO December 30, 2020 at 5:09:24 AM

Urinary tract infection is one of the top medical issues encountered in primary care. It is so common that many clinics have created dedicated workflows to help manage the number of people calling about potential UTI’s everyday. Most of the time when we talk about urinary tract infection, we’re talking about infection of the lower urinary tract which include the bladder and urethra. Women tend to get UTI’s more frequently than men because the difference in anatomy. The distance between the urethra and anus is shorter in women than in men, so bacteria tend to translocate more easily. This is also why UTI’s can happen after sexual intercourse as physical intimacy can facilitate the transfer of bacteria. The classic symptoms of UTI’s include burning on urination, urinary frequency and urgency, and lower abdominal pain. These symptoms can occur in both men and women. In some cases when the infection starts to travel upwards into the kidneys, it can cause fever, flank pain, nausea and chills. Confirming UTI requires testing of urine, but sometimes when the symptoms clearly indicate the presence of UTI, and there is prior history of UTI, doctors might consider prescribing antibiotic right away by making an educated guess in which medication would be the best to ise. Most of the time, however, testing is recommended to confirm the presence of bacterial infection and make sure that the righ antibiotic is given. When a urine sample is given, it is tested in three ways. First thing that the lab technician would do is a urine dipstick. This is to get a sense of the content of the urine as an infection would would often cause some things like nitrite and leukocyte esterase to be elevated. This is followed by a microscopic test in which the technician would look at a small sample of the urine under the microscope to look for presence of cell components, crystals, and sediments. The third test is a culture of the urine, and this part typically takes the longest. Urine culture usually won’t get resulted until 2-3 days after it’s been processed. The culture is really the gold standard way to confirm UTI which is indicated by growth of one species of bacteria in large quantity. The lab would also run an antibiotic sensitivity to see what antibiotics are best to kill the bacteria that grew from the urine. Treatment of UTI is with oral antibiotic. Some of the common ones that doctors prescribe include Bactrim, Macrobid and Keflex. It is usually a 3 to 7 day course, depending on the antibiotic agent used. Test of cure is typically not necessary to know if the infection has been adequately treated; usually the resolution of symptoms will tell us that. in terms of prevention, there are some things that you can do to decrease your risk of getting UTI’s. One of the things is to make sure you are drinking enough water during the day to flush out your urinary tract system and prevent the bacteria from hanging out in your urinary tract for too long. Also, making a habit of peeing after sex can further reduce your risk. If you get frequent UTIs, you can also try taking supplements that contain cranberry extract and D-mannose. If you have more than 2 episodes of UTI in 6 months or more than 3 episodes in 1 year, make sure that you talk to your doctor about to investigate the potential cause and discuss a management plan. The Breakdown On Urinary Tract Infection All you need to know about this pesky but yet common infection. Judy Hsu, DO May 13, 2021 at 3:38:22 PM